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  The  Gray Code  is a sequence of binary number systems, which is also known as  reflected binary code . The grey code is widely used in security applications, so it is called security code . the grey code is also called unit distance code because the only one-bit position will change between any two nearby grey codes. The gray code is a very light weighted code because it doesn't depend on the value of the digit specified by the position. This code is also called a cyclic variable code as the transition of one value to its successive value carries a change of one bit only. In this code, two consecutive values are differed by one bit of binary digits. Gray codes are used in the general sequence of hardware-generated binary numbers. These numbers cause ambiguities or errors when the transition from one number to its successive is done. This code simply solves this problem by changing only one bit when the transition is between numbers is done. In Grey code ,we need to focus on  Con

  VLSI Technologies are now maturing with a current emphasis on submicron structures and sophisticated applications  combining  digital and analog circuits  on a single chip. here, we have  1 . digital : digital means mainly, switching circuits : because the voltage levels in a digital circuit are assumed to be switched from one value to another. logic circuits : Each type of digital circuit obey a certain set of logic rules. Digital circuits are one in which the voltage levels assume a finite number of the distance value. 2. Analog: it was a continuously variable signal, analog circuits are those in which voltages and currents vary continuously through the given range. That can make infinite values within the specified range. Started from : 1. Number system  2. Grey coding 3. Complement's 4. Error detect ing and decoding 5. Hamming code 6. Logic gates 7. Boolean algebra 8. K-maps  9. Inverter Number System: It's a combination of different collections of numbers and it satisfie

 An integrated circuit (IC) is a small semiconductors-based electronic device consisting of fabricated transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Integrated circuits are the building blocks of most electronic devices and equipment . There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a packaged IC die than a discrete circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components are small and positioned close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm. Moore’s Law: The level of integration of silicon technology as measured in terms of the number of devices per IC Semiconductor in

 VLSI technology was started In the 1970s by Douglas Fairbairn, Jack Balletto, Dan Floyd, and Gunnar Weslesen .  VLSI(very-large-scale integration) is the process of creating thousands of MOS transistors into a single chip.